Plato :: essays research papers

Plato was a philosopher who was born in Athens (470- 390 BCE), and was also a student of Socrates. He felt that intelligence and one’s perception belonged to completely independent realms or realties. He believed that general concepts of knowledge were predestined, or placed in the soul before birth even occurred in living things. Plato believed that the cosmos was intelligible, and that the universe was mathematically understandable. He believed that mathematical objects could be seen as perfect forms. Forms, a doctoral of Plato, can be understood as an everyday object or idea, which does not exist in the everyday realm, but merely are existent in the hypothetical realm or reality. Plato believed that truths existed outside the boundaries of our realm, interestingly enough. He was highly influenced by Socrates, and inherited the idea of absolute truths and standards of knowledge. Geometric shapes correspond to the mental world, a universe that exists co-temporarily with the material universe. Material objects are copies of mathematical knowledge and our mind gives us knowledge of ideas. In addition, our sensory gives us knowledge of the material world, what we can feel see or smell. Regarding the sensible world, one that is perceptible by the senses or by the mind, is in direct relation with his doctoral of dualism. Dualism can be seen as the view that the world consists of as two fundamental entities, such as mind and matter, physics and nature. In the intelligible world, things fundamentally consist of as being apprehended by the intellect alone. Regarding sensory objects, he believed that they were in constant change and furthermore were a phenomenon of the physical world; hence they cannot be identified with knowledge.

The Effect of Pollution on Mount Everest

Nepal is the small, one of the poorest country of the world. Yet it is very rich in natural resources and scenic beauty including highest ranges of Himalayas. Nepal is the home of the eight highest mountains out often in the world. Mountaineers, trekkers and skilled professionals regularly visit to scale the Mountains in Nepal, which has increased the number of tourist in Nepal. In the last decade, people's attraction toward the mountaineering has increased a lot, by which number of climbers visiting Mount Everest has also been increased.Due to the increasing umber of climbers in the Everest, pollution in and around the Everest has increased and it needs a special attention to prevent from the pollution. Everest attracts people of all around the world. In the past only few climbers who know well about the mountains used to come but today most of the interested people who have enough economic sources visit Himalayas to climb the mountain. According to Norbu Sherpa, a mountain tourist guide, people come to climb Everest as they want to be famous scaling the tallest mountain in the world (Wawahare).In the early 2000s the number f tourist arriving to Nepal was around 400,000 but in last two years people flowing to Nepal has increased rapidly reaching around 900,000 nearly triple of starting 2000s as per the statistics given by the Nepal Tourism Statistics in 2012 (Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation ). As the numbers of climbers has increased, pollution in the highest portion of the peaks has been increased.Pollution in the Everest includes foods, plastics, cans, gas tanks, papers, climber's equipment, human excreta, and also dead bodies of climbers. According to Norbu Sherpa in the article, â€Å"A Conversation with: Mountain Guide Norbu Sherpa†, if the flow of the climbers is frequent, more and more waste is created (Wawahare). The article â€Å"Everest Maxed Out† published on June 2013 in National Geographic Magazine by Mark Jenkins pro vides information about his climbing on Everest and the flow of climbers he saw near camp Ill and pollution in the Everest.Jenkins says, â€Å"The two standard routes, the Northeast Ridge and the Southeast Ridge, are not only dangerously crowded but also disgustingly polluted, with garbage leaking out of the glaciers and pyramids of human excrement befouling the high camps. And then there are the deaths. † Pollution due to death of climbers happens especially due to certain change in weather and climbers who is less experienced or trained. Despite of being polluted, Everest fascinates and attracts the climbers toward it every year.As the increasing numbers of trekkers and climbers in the Everest has led to the pollution, government should try to clean up all the wastes in the Everest utilizing the revenue they had earned from the tourism industry. Norbu says, the government earnings through tourism has not been utilize in mountains nor for benefit of Sherpas (Wawahare). Gover nment should make strict rules and laws to punish the people who makes pollution in the Everest.If the Climbers did not bring back their all used equipment's and the trash from Everest they should lose their deposit money and Sherpas should be rewarded if they brought wastes to the lower base of Everest. And also government, mountaineering agencies should limit the number of people climbing the mountain in every season or month which will not only helps to control pollution but also maintains the traffic Jams in Everest. A climbers, guides and Sherpas should be provided trainings to handle the severe eather condition in mountain so that deaths in the mountains decrease.Decreasing the number of deaths and limiting the number of climbers on Everest pollution will be controlled and also government needs to be aware about the pollution on Everest and utilize their revenue for reducing pollution in mountains. Everest is one of the main factor that world recognizes Nepal, so every concern ed individual as well as government and agencies should control pollution. Controlling pollution it will not only preserve the beauty of Everest but also more people can have the glory to scale the Everest in future.

Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Whether or not many have read the book, Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† has been referenced numerous times in social media. It has been used in media in such formats as movies and cartoons. Because of this, many believe Tom Sawyer to be a children’s book, while others believe it to be a more literal adult influenced novel. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel.Many believe it is more suited as an adult book. The Influence of religion in any storyline can affect the plot greatly. â€Å"If we maintain the implicit conjunction between the Bible and Tom’s books, this can be read as a very serious critique of the abuses of religion† (McIntosh-Byrd 15). In his critique, Byrd states how religio n is often seen as the only way to go. Many don’t know any different and therefore Byrd believes the book to be more centered on religion and its constant critique. â€Å"The fact that both of these scenes take place within the church in indicative of an implicit critique of the role of religion in St.Petersburg† (McIntosh-Byrd 15). Again here Byrd says that religion has changed the storyline somewhat. Because of these reasons it can be argued that Tom Sawyer is more suited for adults because adults can understand what Twain was trying to say more and he knew this by the way he wrote. The different writing styles in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer change the audiences that the story appeals to. â€Å"These defects of structure would probably not appreciate the flexibility of the narrative, it’s easy, casual gait. † (Doren 431).From this view, Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,† can be seen as more of a children’s book becau se of its easy going nature. The lack of responsibility in this book translates well to children. â€Å"But Tom’s energy did not last. He began to think of the fun he had planned for this day, and his sorrows multiplied. † (Twain 12) Many are without responsibilities and hope to never gain any. â€Å"Mark Twain drives with careless, sagging reins, but he holds the general direction. † (Doren 431) Twain keeps a general hold on the story but he allows the characters to roam bout freely, which makes it more kid friendly, in the sense that the kids want to feel like they are truly in charge. â€Å"And when the middle of the afternoon came, from being a poor, poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth. † (Twain 15) The different writing styles affected the story in one way but at the same time it can affect it in the other opposite direction. On the other side of the spectrum, this book can be seen as an adult’s novel based on the writing styles evident in the text. Twain borrowed its structure from several literary genres popular in the United States during the late nineteenth century: Local color-fiction, Juvenile fiction, sentimental romance, and the dime thriller† (De Santis). Adults can handle a lot more styles in books such as these. â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†¦Represented an attempt to cultivate the gentled, eastern-seaboard audience currently enthralled by local-color fiction. † (Baetzhold) Again here critic has noticed the same trend. Local-color or regional literature is fiction and poetry that focuses on the characters of a story.This is evident in De Santis’ critique of â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer†. Noticing the author’s opinions the reader can tell whether they meant for their book to be a children’s book or an adult’s piece of literature. â€Å"It had no history, and no future, existing in the framed bookends of the aut hor’s comments at the beginning and end of the tale. † (McIntosh-Byrd 15) Twain’s opinions about the way things should be in society affects the story. Say another writer had written about the exact same topic it would be completely different. Twain put a lot of his own thoughts and beliefs into his story. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is an extremely difficult work to approach analytically because it is so embedded in the author’s own childhood. † (McIntosh-Byrd 13) It has been argued that the town of St. Petersburg in the story was Twain’s interpretation of his childhood hometown. â€Å"Uncertain whether it should be aimed at a youthful or an adult audience, Mark Twain once more submerged in the shadow the realistic aspects of puberty, removing portions of the book which might offend younger readers. † (Baetzhold) if Twain didn’t remove these portions f the story it would have definitely been focused towards a more mature audien ce. Since he did it is more appropriate that â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† be focused more on the youthful audience. With the many outside influences such as religion, writing styles, and the author’s opinions it can be argued that Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† can be seen as either a children’s book or an adult’s novel. The book was originally written as an adult’s novel, but over the years since it has been written it has slowly been more closely analyzed as a children’s book.